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Second grade students of a selected elementary school and solving non-standard problems
Jakoubková, Zuzana ; Voňková, Hana (advisor) ; Čapek Adamec, Martin (referee)
In the theoretical part, the diploma thesis focuses on the definition of the legislative framework regarding to the inclusion of non-standard tasks to the teaching methods in the Czech Republic, with regard to RVP ZV, and then on the explanation of the terms task, and non-standard task in a mathematical context, with reference to the definitions of both, Czech and foreign authors. Subsequently, the author focus on the typology of non-standard tasks, and their use in textbooks and workbooks used during lessons of mathematic in the Czech Republic. The main part of the thesis is an empirical research based on the results of a questioning students from a specified elementary school. The questioning is focused not only on the level of students familiarity with non-standard tasks, but also on their ability to solve these tasks. This research is supplemented by the results of interviews with individual teachers in the field of mathematics at the selected elementary school. During debates with teachers, it became clear that use non-standard tasks like a teaching method is not very common in the Czech Republic. However, it follows from the results of the questionnaire research, that students have experience with basic principles, and algorithms of solving non-standard tasks and in lessons they encounter all...
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Algebraisation in problems with a geometric context - pupils' difficulties and mistakes
Benešová, Štěpánka ; Vondrová, Naďa (advisor) ; Jančařík, Antonín (referee)
The aim of this thesis are problems in which pupils demonstrate the ability to switch between geometric and algebraic representation. The task of the thesis is to correctly identify the difficulties and mistakes of pupils in the algebraisation of problems with geometric context before the teaching of algebra and after the teaching of algebra. The thesis consists of theoretical and experimental parts. The theoretical part defines the necessary concepts, summarizes selected results of research and studies related to the algebraisation of problems with geometric context and contains an analysis of five selected textbooks for the eighth year of elementary school, which are used by pupils participating in the research. The analysis of textbooks is focused on chapters dealing with the topics of Algebraic expressions with variables and Powers. The experimental part focuses on research identifying difficulties and mistakes of pupils in solving problems in which pupils try to algebraically model geometric relations. The basis of the research was two sets of test problems followed by an individual conversation with the pupils. The first set of problems was made for sixth-graders, seventh-graders and eight- graders. The second set of problems was made for ninth-graders. The tests were used in two primary...
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How secondary school pupils solve metric problems in 3D geometry
Jankovcová, Anna ; Vondrová, Naďa (advisor) ; Janda, David (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to gain a deeper understanding of how high school students solve tasks in three-dimensional metric space. All of the selected tasks are solvable using similarity. Since this is not the only way to solve these problems, I also observe the procedures and strategies that students employ whilst solving them. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. In the theoretical part I define the basic terms and deal with difficulties which might occur while solving the selected problems. I also describe the expected outcomes of stereometry teaching in curricular documents. In the practical part, I firstly analyse the way certain metric problems are solved in high school textbooks. Then I describe how I did my research, in which 12 students participated. As my method for conducting the research I chose to interview the students about their solutions to the selected tasks in order to obtain enough information about the challenges that the students have in solving these problems and to observe the strategies they use. In the closing section of this thesis, I summarize the procedures which high school students use to solve metric problems, as well as the difficulties that some students had. My research has shown that students use various techniques to solve metric...
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Distance learning in German language lessons
ŠIMEČKOVÁ, Anna
This diploma thesis responds to the newly emerging need for distance learning during the coronavirus crisis. The theoretical part presents the specifics of distance learning of foreign languages, while searches of professional texts and final reports of CSI for distance learning of German and an overview of computer applications that foreign language teachers have available to prepare their own teaching. The main emphasis is on the empirical part of the work. It analyzes the Team Deutsch textbook in great detail, including all materials available online, especially in terms of the possibilities of their use in distance learning. Selectively, on the basis of own methodology, suitable texts and suitable exercises are selected, on this basis a specific procedure for working with them in teaching is proposed. These materials are tested, monitored and evaluated on the basis of evaluation forms. Based on the acquired knowledge and using specific software and selected computer applications, own texts and exercises suitable for distance learning of German are designed and their use is verified in our own pedagogical practice.
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Evaluation of lower-secondary chemistry textbooks' visual representations in the topics of acids, bases and neutralisation
Krumlová, Eliška ; Rusek, Martin (advisor) ; Bílek, Martin (referee)
The bachelor thesis is focused on the analysis of visual components used in chemistry textbooks for lower-secondary schools in the Czech Republic in the topic of acids, bases and neutralization. In the first part, attention is paid to the theory of textbooks, their development, research and the triple representation of visuals in the natural sciences. The following sections describe the objectives, methods and results of the thesis. The aim was to analyse the visual components used in the topic of acids, bases and neutralization in chemistry textbooks for the eighth grade of lower-secondary school. Furthermore, the aim of this thesis was to compare textbooks based on the total number of representation of individual components (quantity and proportions). The performed analysis complements the current overview of the representation of visual components. It was found that Fraus publishing house textbooks have the most represented images in the analysed topic, and on the other hand Nová škola textbooks include the least representation. The analysis further showed that most textbooks contain no sub-micro representations on acids, bases and neutralization. This representation can be found only in the textbooks published by Fraus and in the textbook Hravá chemie (Playful chemistry) published by Taktik....
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Analysis of the Topic of Prokaryotes Presented in Biology Textbooks for Lower-Secondary Schools
Jarošová, Lenka ; Vojíř, Karel (advisor) ; Pavlasová, Lenka (referee)
Textbooks as material teaching aids perform countless functions, represent the content of education of the specific subject, contain transformed scientific findings or fundamentally affect motivation of pupils to learn. A part of the basic curriculum of natural sciences are also prokaryotes, whose issues have not yet been mapped in textbooks. The main objective of the thesis was to perform the content analysis of the prokaryotic topic in natural sciences textbooks for primary schools with a valid clause of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic. In the thesis the structuring of the given topic was ascertained among the individual titles. The terms contained in chapters dealing with the topic of prokaryotic organisms were analyzed. Two approaches were used for the analysis, the method bearing the open coding label was used for the qualitative data analysis, the quantitative approach reflects the percentage of terms falling into the same meaning category and subcategory in the given titles. The analysis shown there is inconsistency between textbooks in terms of representation of the topic of prokaryote and except the textbook published by Prodos and Taktik, the textbooks do not take into account the problematic of archaea in any way. The terms are mostly connected to...
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Pupils' Problems and Mistakes when Manipulating Algebraic Expressions
Bílek, Vladimír ; Vondrová, Naďa (advisor) ; Žalská, Jana (referee)
The thesis focuses on mistakes and problems in manipulations with the algebraic expressions occurring to pupils at the second level of Elementary school. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and experimental part. The theoretical part contains description of manipulations with algebraic expressions, selected results of international comparative surveys, and an analysis of related foreign research. Analysis of three series of textbooks, according to which pupils involved in the experimental project are taught, is essential for understanding of possible origins of their mistakes. The classification of mistakes in manipulations with algebraic expressions is included. At the core of the work is the experimental part aiming to identify problems and mistakes of pupils when manipulating and working with algebraic expressions. The participants of the research consisted of six third-grade pupils of an eight-year Grammar school (13-14 years old) and eight ninth-grade pupils of an Elementary school (14-15 years old). Test used for my experiment came from the GA ČR project Critical parts of mathematics in primary school. The investigation was carried out individually with each pupil by the method of monitoring clinical interviews over the solution of the test tasks. The obtained data was qualitatively...
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Transfer between verbal and algebraic descriptions. Pupils' strategies and problems
Novotná, Anežka ; Vondrová, Naďa (advisor) ; Roubíček, Filip (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to gain insight into the problems that pupils have when switching between verbal and algebraic expressions, through the analysis of their problem-solving processes. The work is divided into theoretical and experimental parts. The theoretical part of the paper contains three sections. The first describes the analysis of three selected Czech textbooks series for primary schools in terms of teaching the concept of variables and algebraic expressions. The next section deals with international comparative research TIMSS and the success of Czech pupils of year 8 in algebra. In the third section, results of international research concerning the issue of transition between verbal and algebraic expressions are described. The main part of the work is the experimental part, it aims to describe the difficulties encountered by pupils in algebra and to identify their likely sources. The basis for the own research was a set of 9 problems based on released TIMSS problems. The target group of pupils was year 9 of primary school, with whom the investigation was carried out via think-aloud interviews. First, a pilot study was conducted on a sample of 3 pupils, during which a set of test problems was checked. The main study involved 8 pupils. The think-aloud interviews were recorded and later...
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Current trends in teaching listening
Vognarová, Jana ; Gráf, Tomáš (advisor) ; Quinn Novotná, Veronika (referee)
The present thesis is concerned with the current trends in teaching listening as they have been presented through a number of articles in various journals and mainly in the book by John Field: Listening in the Language Classroom who urges for a process approach, and ascertaining if these new methodological recommendations are finding their way into the classroom practice nowadays through an analysis of a number of frequently used language textbooks. The approach to teaching listening has been developing as a part of many methods used for teaching foreign languages over the years and it has gone from a completely omitted skill through a position of a rather neglected one up to its today status of causing major problems to students who complain that the speakers on the recordings speak too fast or that they cannot understand every single word. It is often the case that students manage to master listening in the confines of the language classroom, learn to cope with typical textbook listening exercises and understand their teachers and classmates, but when confronted with real-life listening outside the classroom, they frequently run into a kind of glasswall and are simply not able to deal with it. The analytical part is based on the analysis of the listening exercises in the very first and newest...
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Pupils' problems when solving problems requiring substitution
Schánělec, Jan ; Vondrová, Naďa (advisor) ; Novotná, Jarmila (referee)
Title: Pupils' problems when solving problems requiring substitution Abstract: The work focuses on 8th and 9th graders' difficulties and mistakes when solving problems using substitution. The theoretical part defines the used concepts and discusses selected results from international comparative studies and studies focusing on substitution. The main goal of the work is to identify pupils' difficulties and mistakes they make when solving problems using substitution and to discover their origin or cause. To achieve this goal the empirical part begins with an analysis of three sets of textbooks used by pupils involved in this research study. This is followed by a description of conducting and subsequent analysis of fifteen clinical interviews on problems with substitution with 14 to 15 year old pupils (9th graders from elementary schools and 3rd graders from lower secondary grammar schools). In the final part the most common mistakes are summarised and relations to their possible origin in the set of textbooks used looked for. The conclusion is that pupils do not have problems with substitution as such when substituting natural numbers into first power variables. However, this does not hold for substitution of variable in the second power. Pupils have problems when substituting for a variable with a negative...
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